Fundamentals of Renewable Energy and Green Technologies By S K Gupta

Product details

Publisher ‏: Daya Publishing House
Author : S K Gupta
Language ‏: English
Edition : Latest By Publishers
Book Cover : Hard Back
ISBN : 9789359196602

Table of Content

Preface v 1. Classification of Energy Sources 1 Energy and Power: Definitions Forms of Energy Classification of Energy Sources Based on Availability in Nature Based on the Usability of Energy Based on Transaction Based on Traditional Use Based on Energy Storage or Cycling Time Conventional or Non-renewable Sources of Energy Nuclear energy Non-conventional or Renewable Sources of Energy Sun - the Ultimate Source of Energy Wind Energy Hydropower Biomass Energy Geothermal Energy Ocean Tidal Wave and Thermal Energy Comparison of Non-Renewable and Renewable Resources Advantages of Renewable Energy Disadvantages of Renewable Energy Indias Energy Scenario Energy Sources and Consumption Pattern Energy Security Renewable Energy Sources and Agriculture Questions (Theory) 2. Biomass and Briquetting 31 Biomass Feedstock Availability of Biomass Constituents of Biomass Cellulose Hemicellulose Lignin Other Constituents Characteristics of Biomass and Standard Tests Total Solids Biomass Size and Density Ash Content Flowability Grindability Biomass Conversion Densification Biomass Composition and Densification Types of Densification Processes Biomass Burning Briquetting Advantages of Briquetting Biomass Briquetting Process Raw Materials for Briquetting Preparation of Raw Material Briquette Making Briquetting Machines Components of x Briquetting Machines Direct Compaction type Machines Briquetting with Binders Limitation of Briquetting Machines Quality Parameters Pyrolysis/Carbonization and Extrusion Important Steps Quality of Briquettes Uses of Briquettes Requirements for Briquette Production Unit Questions (Theory) 3. Combustion Process 59 The Process Complete versus Incomplete Combustion Complete Combustion Incomplete Combustion Biomass Types Utilization of Fire-wood Improved Devices for Combustion Staged Combustion Emission of Pollutants Unburnt Pollutants NOx Emissions Particulate Emissions Combustion Technologies Co-combustion Advantages of Biomass Co-combustion Limitations of Biomass Co-combustion Methods of Co-combustion Pre-mixing Joint Direct Injection Separate Burning of Biomass and Coal Parallel Co-firing Reburning of Biomass in Upper Furnace Technologies for Co-combustion Grate Combustor Atmospheric Fluidized Bed Combustors (AFBC) Pressurized Fluidized Bed Combustor (PFBC) Pulverized Combustor Examples of Co-combustion Cogasification Questions (Theory) 4. Principles of Pyrolysis 77 Pyrolysis Pyrolysis Techniques Advantages Disadvantages Process Considerations Raw Materials Pyrolysis Products Pyrolysis Reactors Laboratory Scale Pilot Scale Kinds of Reactors Distinction between Fixed and Fluidized Bed Reactors Fixed Bed Reactor Heated Kiln Reactor Other Reactors Fluidized Bed Reactor Bubbling Fluidized Bed Reactor Circulating Fluidized Bed (CFB) Reactor Entrained Flow Reactor Vacuum Furnace Reactor Ablative Reactor Cyclone Reactor Rotating Cone Reactor Auger Reactor Ultra-rapid Pyrolyzers Bio-oil Questions (Theory) 5. Gasifiers 99 Gasification process Pyrolysis Zone Combustion Zone Reaction Zone Raw Materials Preprocessing of Raw Materials Gasifying Agents Types of Gasifiers Fixed Bed Gasifier Updraft Gasifier Downdraft Gasifier Cross-draft Gasifier Fluidized Bed Gasifiers Circulating Fluidized Bed Gasification Bubbling Bed Gasification Special Boilers for Heating Applications Sugarcane Leaf-Bagasse Gasifier Characteristics of Product Gas Down Stream Processing and Utilization Cooling Tar Removal Sulphur Removal Dendro Energy Utilization Potential Questions (Theory) 6. Biogas Production Processes 125 Raw Materials Stages of Anaerobic Digestion Hydrolysis Acidogenesis Acetogenesis Methanogenesis Factors affecting Efficiency of Biogas xi Generation Biogas Plant: Definition and Types Classification of Biogas Plants Batch Type Semi-continuous Continuous Type Questions (Theory) 7. Biogas Plants 137 Components of Biogas Plants Floating Dome Type KVIC type Biogas Plant Advantages and Disadvantages of Floating Dome Plants Fixed-dome type Plants Advantages and Disadvantages of Fixed Dome Plants Janata Model Deenbandhu Model KVIC and Janata type Biogas Plants: A Comparison Plug Flow Digesters: Movable Model Energy from Biogas Plant Selection of Construction Site Design of the Plant Availability of Dung Digester Gas Holder Construction Plant Layout Quality of Construction Materials Handling the Biogas Production of Heat or Steam Electricity Generation or Combined Heat and Power Vehicle Fuel Handling the Manure Raw Manure Liquid Manure Slurry Manure Semi-solid Manure Solid Manure Advantages of Biogas Slurry Disadvantages Cost Maintenances and General Care Problems: Causes and Remedies Cook stove Combustion of Gas in the Burner KVIC Burner Design Considerations for Biogas Burners Gas Lamp Questions (Theory) 8. Vegetable Oils 171 Raw Materials Oils and Fats Characteristics of Fuels Combustion Chemistry Emissions and Deposits Pre-combustion of Triglycerides Combustion Problems with Neat Vegetable Oils and their Easters as Fuel Polymerization Problems due to High Viscosity Problems in Association with other Properties Gumming of Engines VOs their Easters and Engine Emissions Improving the Engine Performance Vegetable Oil Improvement Engine Modifications On-farm Production of Vegetable Oils Questions (Theory) 9. Biofuels 191 Feedstock for Biofuels Cellulosic Biomass Biomass from Sugar and Starchy Crops Oil-containing or Oil-producing Plants Biodiesel Advantages of Biodiesel Limitations of Biodiesel Methods of Production Pyrolysis Micro-emulsification Transesterification Purification of Biodiesel/Glycerin Biodiesel from Jatropha Oil Production Process Characteristics and Applications Ethanol from Agricultural Produce Advantages of Bioethanol Limitations of Bioethanol Methanol versus Ethanol Ethanol Production Technologies Ethanol from Starchy Feedstock (Grains) Ethanol from Sugarcane Cellulosic Ethanol Fermentation Method Ethanol from Bagasse Thermo-chemical Method Concluding Remarks Questions (Theory) xii 10. Solar Energy Measurement and Applications 221 The Sun and the Earth Solar Radiation at the Earths Surface Solar Constant Greenhouse Effect Solar Radiation and Measuring Instruments Thermopile Pyranometer Pyrheliometer Sunshine Recorder Availability of Solar Energy in India Applications Heat Transfer Processes Conduction Convection Radiation Question (Theory) 11. Solar Collectors and their Applications 235 Solar Collectors Types of Collectors Flat Plate Solar Collectors Evacuated Tube Collectors Concentrating Collectors Advantages of Concentrated Solar Collectors Disadvantages of Concentrated Solar Collectors General Construction and Types Parabolic Trough Collector Parabolic Dish Collector Power Tower Collector Linear Fresnel Collector Compound Parabolic Collector Solar Space Heating Passive Heating of Buildings Active Method Solar Water Heating General Guidelines Solar Distillery Solar Cooker Solar Ponds Convective Shallow Solar Pond Convective Deep Solar Pond Non-Convective Solar Pond Improving the Efficiency of Non-convective Solar Ponds Solar Pond at Bhuj Application in Space Cooling and Refrigeration Questions (Theory) 12. Solar Dryers 267 Solar Dryers Categorization Direct Type or Cabinet Solar Dryer Advantages Disadvantages Natural Convection Dryers Working Principle of ITSD Forced Convection Solar Dryer (Hot Air System) Mixed Mode Solar Dryer Solar Tunnel Dryer Thermal Energy Storage Systems Questions (Theory) 13. Photovoltaic Cells and Practical Applications 279 Photovoltaics Photoelectric Effect Construction of a PV Cell Working of PV Cell Voltage and Current PV Module and Panel Photovoltaic System Classification of PV Systems Advantages of Solar Cell System Disadvantages of Solar Cell System Calculation of Energy Generation through PV Panel Number of Solar Panels Needed Solar Lantern Solar Street Lighting Solar Water Pumping System Salient Features of the System Advantages of Solar-Powered Irrigation Disadvantages Applications Solar Fencing System Basic Components Types of Fencing Systems Features of Solar Fencing System Questions (Theory) 14. Hydropower 303 Historical Brief Harnessing Water Energy Gravitational Potential Energy Kinetic Energy Conventional Hydropower Hydropower Plant Water Power and Electricity Generation Run-of- the -River Systems Micro and Mini Hydel Plants Pumped Hydroelectric Energy Storage (PHES) xiii Advantages of Hydropower Disadvantages of Hydropower Oceanic Hydropower Tidal Energy Dynamic Tidal Power Wave Power Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion (OTEC) Osmotic Power Advantages of Ocean Energy Disadvantages of Ocean Energy Impediments in Harnessing Ocean Power Ocean Energy: Global and Indian Potential Hydrogen Fuel Cell Construction Working Advantages Disadvantages Future of Hydropower Practical Exercise Questions (Theory) 15. Wind Energy 331 Introduction Wind Power Machine Power Advantages of Wind Energy Disadvantages Windmills and Wind Turbines Principle of Wind Turbine Components of Wind Electric Generation System Classification of Wind Turbines Based on Axis of Rotation Based on Aerodynamics Based on Size Based on Types of Output Based on Rotational Speed of the Turbines Based on Utilization of Output Vertical-axis type Wind Turbines Horizontalaxis Wind Turbines Sail type Windmill Rated Capacity and Capacity Factor Applications Water Pumping Wind Turbines for Electricity Battery Charging Wind-solar Hybrid Systems Factors to Consider while Establishing Wind Parks Suitable Places for Erection of Wind Turbines Places Unsuitable for Erection of Wind Turbines Environmental Concerns Questions (Theory) 16. Life Cycle Cost Analysis 363 Why an Economic Analysis? Life Cycle Cost Analysis (LCCA) LCCA parameters Discounting Inflation Analysis Period Residual or Salvage Value LCCA indicators Net Present Value Savings-to-Investment Ratio (SIR) Internal Rate of Return (IRR) Payback Period (PBP) Break Even Benefits (BEB) Step-wise Procedure to Calculate LCC Life Cycle Costs Benefits Other Applications Indirect Benefits Case for Subsidy Feasibility Reporting Questions (Theory) Glossary of Terms 379 Objective Type Questions and Answers 397 References 433 Index 439